ISC West

Eagle Eye Networks, the global pioneer in cloud video surveillance announced Eagle Eye Camera Direct won the SIA New Products and Solutions (NPS) Award in the Video Management Surveillance System category.   Eagle Eye Camera Direct Eagle Eye Camera Direct is a simple-to-install direct-to-cloud solution with the benefits of a full-featured video management system, including central management, cloud sync, automatic feature and cybersecurity updates, and reliability. Built on the Eagle Eye Networks open platform with AI that constantly improves, Eagle Eye Camera Direct is a future-proof investment for business owners.   High-performance cloud VMS “We brought Eagle Eye Camera Direct to market to deliver the ideal solution for businesses looking for a high-performance cloud video management system with no extra hardware, the ability to cloud sync edge storage and flexible purchasing options,” said Dean Drako, Eagle Eye Networks CEO. “We are honoured to be selected for this award, and thank the esteemed SIA NPS judges and the Security Industry Association for this tremendous recognition.”  2024 SIA NPS Awards honourees “SIA applauds the 2024 SIA NPS Awards honourees of this year’s highly competitive programme,” said SIA CEO Don Erickson. “Thanks to the always-thorough consideration of the judges, the SIA NPS Awards is the most trusted awards programme for new security technologies, and earning recognition in the NPS awards is a major accomplishment.”

ISC West 2024, held in Las Vegas, marked a significant milestone for PureTech Systems as it announced reseller agreements with two major companies in the security industry, i-PRO and Magos. This strategic move not only expands PureTech Systems’ portfolio but also reinforces its commitment to provide the most comprehensive, easy-to-integrate, and reliable AI-boosted, geospatial video analytics and sensor fusion software solution for perimeter protection. With these initiatives, PureTech Systems aims to deliver a comprehensive turn-key solution equipping organisations with the tools they need for effective perimeter security and threat detection. Expanding horizons with i-PRO The addition of i-PRO cameras in PureTech’s arsenal brings together PureTech's geospatial AI-boosted video analytics and i-PRO's cutting-edge cameras. This collaboration is poised to offer unparalleled situational awareness, enhancing overall security measures and operational efficiency. During the event, PureTech illustrated the power of this combined technology, offering attendees a direct glimpse into the enhancements it promises for surveillance and perimeter security. Forging ahead with Magos Reseller agreement with Magos introduces an exciting addition to PureTech’s product lineup Similarly, the reseller agreement with Magos introduces an exciting addition to PureTech’s product lineup. Magos is known for its cost-effective, low-power, high-performance radars, which, when coupled with PureTech’s patented video analytics, promises to enhance security posture and operational performance.  The synergy between Magos’s radar systems and PureTech’s AI-boosted geospatial video analytics was demonstrated through various recorded demonstrations at PureTech’s booth drawing attention from industry professionals and potential clients alike. A successful showcase The atmosphere at ISC West was charged with a growing number of innovative and forward-thinking professionals united by a shared goal of securing the future. The success of ISC West 2024 for PureTech Systems was not just in expanding industry affiliations, but also in the optimistic reception from the market and the potential for future growth opportunities these collaborations could unfold. Industry experts and attendees praised the strategic direction PureTech is taking, highlighting the company’s initiative to continue to deliver technological advancements to the security sector. Announcement of the reseller agreements with i-PRO and Magos not only enhances PureTech's market ISC West also provided an excellent platform for networking, with PureTech Systems capitalising on the opportunity to connect with other industry pioneers, current and potential clients. The event facilitated rich discussions on emerging trends, current challenges, and innovations in security technology, further positioning PureTech at the forefront of the industry. ISC West 2024 proved to be a success for PureTech Systems. The announcement of the reseller agreements with i-PRO and Magos not only enhances PureTech's market offering but also sets the stage for a new era of delivering turn-key, integrated security solutions. As PureTech Systems continues to navigate the evolving landscape of security technology, its participation in ISC West has undoubtedly bolstered its position as a pioneer committed to excellence and innovation in the industry. Looking Ahead As they look forward to the next big events, PureTech Systems will be exhibiting at the Border Security Expo at booth #1001 in El Paso, TX in May, and later at the GSX in booth #1954 in Orlando, FL in September. These events will provide additional opportunities for PureTech to showcase its geospatial AI-boosted video analytics and integrated security solutions.

Bringing customers greater flexibility in how they manage video security, the latest Bosch cameras will seamlessly integrate with Genetec™ Security Center SaaS. With firmware version 9.21 releasing later this year, Bosch will provide camera configuration capabilities and video viewing in the Security Center SaaS platform through direct-to-cloud or Genetec Cloudlink™ cloud-managed appliance connections.  Genetec Security Center SaaS is an enterprise-grade unified physical security as a service solution with the highest cyber security standards. It is built on a hybrid-cloud, open architecture to give organisations the freedom to choose the devices and cameras that work best for their business. It offers massive scalability, flexibility, and ease of deployment and operations.  Software integration “It is essential that we provide our customers the ability to manage their video in the way that best meets their needs, especially as the industry looks to cloud-based systems for increased flexibility,” said Chuck O’Leary, Vice President of Sales – Video Systems and Solutions in North America. “Our strong partnership with Genetec is a cornerstone of this commitment, ensuring seamless integration of Bosch cameras with this pioneering SaaS product. This integration enables customers to benefit from the excellent image quality, edge-based analytics, and highest levels of data security delivered by Bosch cameras within an enterprise-level physical security as a service solution.”  Customer beneficial partnership “Through our close collaboration, we ensure our customers can leverage the unique features and capabilities of Bosch cameras within Genetec security solutions,” said Kyle Hurt, Area Vice President, North America, Genetec Inc. “With the launch of Security Center SaaS, this extends to the cloud, benefitting our mutual customers seeking new options for how they monitor and manage site security throughout the enterprise.”  Preview of integration at ISC West Customers will experience the benefits of the technology collaboration between the partnersWith a preview of the Bosch camera integration with Security Center SaaS at ISC West, customers will experience the benefits of the technology collaboration between the partners.  The combined solution offers the ability to centralise the monitoring and management of Bosch cameras at multiple sites, making it ideal for a range of industries – including education, cities, corporate campuses, and more.  Firmware upgrade With the upcoming firmware version 9.21 planned for release in August, supported Bosch cameras will include the Dinion 5100i IR and 7100i IR, the Flexidome micro 3100i, indoor and outdoor models of the Flexidome 5100i (IR), the Flexidome panoramic 5100i (IR), the Flexidome multi 7000i (IR), and the Flexidome corner 7100i IR.

ISC West 2024, the comprehensive and converged security trade event, hosted in collaboration with premier sponsor the Security Industry Association (SIA), delivered another year of successful programming and welcomed more than 29,000 security industry professionals to The Venetian Expo in Las Vegas. Improving customer experience ISC West elevated the customer experience by hosting both fan-favourite and brand-new offerings throughout the four-day event, which featured over 750 exhibitors, over 220 speakers, and over 110 education sessions covering the latest trends and solutions across the security industry. “This year, we were excited to continue to enhance the customer experience,” said Mary Beth Shaughnessy, ISC Event Vice President.  ISC West Concert “From an additional 20,000 square feet on the show floor, approximately 100 more exhibiting brands, and events like the first-ever ISC West Concert featuring The Wallflowers, attendees had access to our most expansive lineup yet." "This year’s resounding success is the result of so many individuals – exhibitors, attendees, speakers, and partners. We’re already excited for 2025 and look forward to continuing to raise the level of engagement at future ISC Security events.”  Innovations in safety and security Attendees had the opportunity to make impactful connections with their peers in the field ISC West welcomed a swarm of security professionals from around the world. Attendees and exhibitors alike were able to see, experience, and learn about the biggest innovations in safety and security. Just as importantly, attendees had the opportunity to make impactful connections with their peers in the field. The turnout continued to display year-over-year growth for general attendance, hosting over 19,000 attendees. SIA Education “ISC West 2024 was a resounding success, not just in the strong show attendance but also in the outstanding quality of SIA Education at ISC West programming, courses and offerings delivered,” said SIA CEO Don Erickson. “The strength of the security industry was richly evident in the innovations seen across the show floor and particularly visible in the SIA New Products + Solutions Awards entries." SIA meetings and special events "The many SIA meetings and special events that gathered the broader security industry together to connect on critical topics in artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, critical infrastructure protection, school security, technology standards, and more elevated the ISC and SIA member experience." "The 2024 show exemplified why our ISC West is the nation’s pioneering converged security event.” ISC West 2024 highlights All ISC West badge holders were granted complimentary admission where they could meet their peers First-ever ISC West Concert! - New in 2024, ISC West hosted its first-ever concert featuring the Grammy-winning rock band The Wallflowers as the headliner. It was an after-hours concert experience that took place on the Main Stage – just steps from the show floor.  All ISC West badge holders were granted complimentary admission where they could meet their peers for a fun and memorable experience beyond exhibit hall hours. The ISC West Concert was presented by Headline Sponsor, Wavelynx. Showcasing latest advancements AI Discovery Zone - ISC West also debuted the AI Discovery Zone where attendees could experience the emerging power of AI firsthand. Those who stopped by the activation had the chance to engage with interactive displays and hands-on demonstrations showcasing the latest advancements in AI technology and how it is shaping the future of security. Keynote series  - The dynamic trio of Keynote Speakers covered a range of the industry’s hottest topics. Attendees were able to walk away from these presentations with a greater understanding of how cutting-edge security innovations touch countless aspects of their lives from national security to professional sports leagues to workplace productivity and much more. Day 1 Keynote: Cybersecurity, the Big Picture for Industry Pioneers: Admiral Mike Rogers, Former Director, of the National Security Agency; Former Commander, of US Cyber Command; and Former Chief, of Central Security Service Day 2 Keynote: From the Front Lines to the Field: A Security Journey in Major League Soccer: Jeff Stonebreaker, Senior Vice President, Safety and Security for Major League Soccer Day 3 Keynote: Women in Security Forum Keynote Breakfast: Harness Generative AI Like ChatGPT for Enhanced Performance | Presented by SIA Women in Security Forum: Crystal Washington, Technology Trends Expert and one of Forbes’ 50 Pioneering Female Futurists  Most innovative technologies SIA New Products + Solutions Awards  - The SIA New Products + Solutions (NPS) Awards allowed attendees to discover the current most innovative technologies with winners from across the security field. Explore some of the top winners below and the full list of winners here.   Best New Product Award: IronYun – IronYun Vaidio AI Vision Platform 8.0  Judges’ Choice Award: Swear – Swear Authenticity Engine  SIA NPS Merit Award: Chris Grniet – Global Head of Global Security & Safety (GSS) Strategy at Visa Inc.  ISC West 2025 With attendees eager to network, conduct business, and learn from experts, show organizers look forward to ISC East 2024 – the Northeast’s pioneering security and public safety trade event held November 19-21 at The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in New York City, in collaboration with premier sponsor SIA and partnership with ASIS NYC. Already making plans for next year? Save the date for ISC West 2025, held from April 1-4 at The Venetian Convention and Expo Centre in Las Vegas where security professionals can continue to experience the largest and most dynamic industry trade event of the year. 

Morse Watchmans, the industry pioneer in key control and asset management systems, is proud to be showcasing its line of key control and asset management solutions at Expo Seguridad Mexico 2024, April 16-18 at the Centro Citibanamex, Mexico City. Morse Watchman’s new Emergency Key Grab (EKG) EKG will be on display alongside additional key control and asset management solutions at stand # 1837.   New and award-winning products “Following a successful showing at ISC West, we look forward to taking our new and award-winning products south to the most important event for the security industry in Latin America,” said Tim Purpura, VP of Global Sales and Marketing, Morse Watchmans. “Our presence at Expo Seguridad allows us to engage with a diverse audience of security professionals, exchange insights, and better understand the pressing security challenges faced by businesses and organisations across the region.” EKG Kit features The new EKG Kit centres around Morse Watchmans’ flagship electronic key control system, the KeyWatcher® Touch electronic key cabinet, and includes additional materials and support required to provide first responders with fast, protected access to facility keys in the event of an active shooter, natural disaster, or other emergency.  With every complete EKG deployment, facilities benefit from both a controlled, known location for master keys as well as the implementation of a complete key control policy developed with the help of Morse Watchmans experts. Improved response times and effectiveness The EKG Kit is ideal for any facility where lockdown procedures are enacted during critical events This significantly improves response times and effectiveness during critical incidents and gives stakeholders peace of mind, knowing that the space they are occupying is equipped with robust security measures to handle emergencies efficiently.   The EKG Kit is ideal for any facility where lockdown procedures are enacted during critical events. This includes schools, hospitals, airports, public venues, government buildings, critical infrastructure sites, data centres, and more. Additional product offerings Additional product offerings on display at Expo Seguridad Mexico 2024 include KeyWatcher Fleet® for automotive fleet management applications, KeyBank® Touch for large quantities of keys, and SmartKey® Locker Touch System for the storage and tracking of larger objects. These solutions, coupled with Morse Watchmans’ software, service, and support, ensure the safety and security of a variety of physical assets.  

Honeywell is showcasing key technologies from its security, fire, and life safety product lines at the 2024 International Security Conference and Exposition (ISC West), April 10 - 12 in Las Vegas. This supports Honeywell’s recently announced plans to focus its portfolio on three compelling megatrends, including automation, underpinned by robust digitalisation capabilities and solutions. Convenience and efficiency "At Honeywell, we provide cutting-edge security solutions that help protect people, property, and assets,” said Sergio Castillejos, vice president and general manager, of Commercial Security, at Honeywell. “Our latest security technologies provide enhanced protection, greater convenience, and improved operational efficiency.” Featured security technologies More connected and automated systems: Enterprise users can retain exacqVision video systems with the latest Pro-Watch ecosystem Honeywell Pro-Watch 6.5 provides robust, global integrated access control, video, and intrusion detection in a single view to help protect staff and property, optimise productivity, and comply with strict industry regulations all while reducing operational costs. Enterprise users can retain exacqVision video systems with the latest Pro-Watch ecosystem integration saving time and money by avoiding manual correlation of alarms.  Battery-free security featuring increased smartphone integration: iLOQ’s range of electronic battery-free smart locks and keyless cellphone-based solutions will integrate with Honeywell Pro-Watch 6.5. This software integration will allow users to manage the iLOQ range of electronic locks and related electronic credentials without additional onsite infrastructure. Improved technologies for enterprise-building video security: The latest 60 & 70 Series IP cameras and NVR offerings provide an NDAA-compliant, cost-effective, and more operationally efficient security solution suitable for large indoor and outdoor applications. The latest updates include a 60S multi-sensor, 60S IR PTZ with Wiper, 70S Speed Dome, and a 70S Corner camera, along with the 35S PRO NVRs.  Streamline manual visitor management and contractor compliance processes: Honeywell's cloud-based SaaS solution creates a safer, more secure building with improved compliance Part of the Honeywell Forge for Buildings suite, Honeywell's cloud-based SaaS solution creates a safer, more secure building with improved compliance processes and increased operational efficiency. Digitise and automate the check-in experience and processes that rely on paper forms, spreadsheets, and emails to optimise efficiencies and improve workloads. Faster, more complete, and more accurate flow "Honeywell is committed to advancing the fire industry and providing innovative solutions that not only enhance building occupant safety but also improve operational efficiencies,” said Jurgen Van Goethem, vice president and general manager, of Fire, Honeywell.  “In addition, our latest fire and life safety technologies enable a faster, more complete, and more accurate flow of critical information throughout the entire fire alarm transmission chain, resulting in faster and more efficient dispatches, allowing first responders to act quicker and better informed in situations where every second counts.” Featured fire and life safety technologies Cloud-connected life safety: Honeywell’s Connected Life Safety Services (CLSS) is an end-to-end platform that leverages the power of cloud-connected technology to improve system uptime drive maintenance and ultimately dispatch efficiencies. This industry-pioneering software delivers: Remote system status and diagnostics features via desktop and mobile applications, Commissioning and maintenance efficiencies through true one-man walk-test, automated test reporting and self-testing detectors, and Improved compliance. Natively connected fire alarms: Fire-Lite® Alarms by Honeywell is a reliable line of fire alarm control panels for small- to medium-sized facilities that require non-proprietary servicing flexibility including the latest Endurance X Series of panels: the ES-50X, ES-200X, and ES-1000X. Also offered are the enhanced ES-50XP and ES-200XP versions of the Endurance Series panels, which include a built-in CLSS Pathway Communicator that establishes a stronger, more reliable connection by combining dialer capture alarm transport functionality with the powerful capabilities of Honeywell’s Connected Life Safety Services (CLSS).

The security industry is going increasingly digital these days, with more small- and medium-sized businesses joining their global brethren by moving their data to the cloud, leveraging the benefits of artificial intelligence, and embracing more open solutions. Innovation is expected to continue at a rapid pace, thanks in part to the residual effects of the pandemic which has driven changes that might have otherwise taken five years or a decade or more to get into customers’ hands on a global scale. Let’s take a look at the trends that will dominate ISC West 2023. Improved analytics Analytics is about expedience, and in the surveillance world, it makes it possible to identify and search for the “who did it?” clip you need. For analytics, along with the cloud, it comes back to the core themes of being able to do more with technology Analytics also provides more actionable intelligence than a simple surveillance camera may provide, from identifying high-traffic areas during select times of the day and alerting staff to pay greater attention to these areas, to business intelligence that can enable a company to staff a store with more employees. For analytics, along with the cloud, it comes back to the core themes of being able to do more with technology and relying less on humans. Leveraging the cloud The cloud story is very related: it provides the ability to perform video-related tasks from anywhere on any device. In addition, the cloud makes it easier to share videos with other stakeholders and collaborate on investigations. By storing video on the cloud, end users reduce their total cost of ownership because they no longer have to invest in onsite storage solutions, while gaining greater storage capabilities and thereby future-proofing their solutions. Deployment patterns Because the cloud requires a less total cost of ownership and can be intuitive, it is driving interest in solutions Another interesting trend that we’ll be hearing more about this year is the overall deployment patterns of video surveillance systems. This is part of the cloud trend, but the broader trend is the amount of effort it takes to deploy, monitor and maintain the video surveillance system. Because the cloud requires less total cost of ownership and cloud access can be intuitive, it is driving interest for solutions that can be hosted in the cloud. Interoperability vs. proprietary Related to the debate of open vs. closed solutions is how much the surveillance market prefers a turnkey solution compared to a more custom best-of-breed and tailored solution. Smaller and mid-market companies will be more interested in the turnkey solutions provided by a single vendor, while enterprise-level companies traditionally gravitate toward investing in customised solutions that are more likely to address their unique security challenges. One other related trend to keep an eye on is the role of the integrator as part of the rise of cloud and Video Surveillance as a Service (VSaaS) offerings.

At ISC West this year, emerging technologies will be on display to help organisations manage their environments, from the building itself to who’s on the premises and what’s going on at any given moment. Top of mind this year is cybersecurity, compliance and management of security assets as threats rise and governing bodies put regulations in place that businesses need to react to. The good news is that the shift in approach to holistic monitoring of cyber and physical assets can move enterprises to a place of digital transformation and proactive management rather than reactive practices based on threats and changing regulations. The show provides an opportunity for both vendors and potential customers to learn from each other about what’s out there and what’s needed in terms of future solutions as the industry evolves. Are you in cyber and physical security compliance? At this year’s show, we’ll continue to see developments focused on integration of cyber physical security that will lead to deeper understanding of the relationship between devices, device monitoring and spaces in which all devices physically reside. Digital solutions help achieve a digital transformation which stitches the data relationships together to provide better threat vector impact and overall understanding of risk. The technologies in smart buildings are subject to cyberattacks, which pose not just a threat to data and privacy but can compromise the physical space as well. Think of the locked door in a smart building that now is opened with access control via key cards or mobile devices given only to certain members of staff. These integrations increase safety and restrict access across the enterprise, but a bad actor can access and duplicate the necessary data to open the door with a copycat device while hiding the event from the surveillance system. By having a comprehensive cyber whitelist of installed devices, potential rouge devices are prevented from transmitting on the network, therefore providing an automated guard against internal and external attacks. When systems are compromised due to a hack or physical intervention, it puts what’s behind the door at risk, whether it’s money in a bank or information in a sensitive work environment, such as a laboratory. Digital solutions help achieve a digital transformation which stitches the data relationships together It’s increasingly important to highlight the relationship between cyber and physical security. A great illustration of this is the digital twin. A digital twin is a replica of a physical space that uses both informational and operational technology to give real-time information about what’s going on in a space.  These can include things like floor plans for the building as well as real-time sensor data from the building management system, HVAC systems, lighting, fire, security, and more. By getting a complete picture of the physical and digital assets of an organisation, it becomes possible to monitor all systems from one central location to see how they’re working together and act on the insights they provide. So, in the example of a breach from before, it’s possible to flag that hack, isolate its exact location and devices involved, and resolve it quickly while maintaining preservation of evidence. Compliance: how to get there safely, efficiently and effectively As these threats evolve, governing bodies are taking action to ensure that data is protected to minimise these kinds of threats and ensure that organisations feel confident in the security of their data. Norms and compliance measures are emerging quickly, such as General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which began to be enforced in March 2018, and the California Cybersecurity Law, which went into effect in the US just this past January. The regulations of what can be done with data mean that companies need to react or face penalties such as fines, which can be as high as 4% of worldwide annual revenue of the previous year. These are also fluid and can change rapidly, meaning flexibility is important in compliance solutions. However, this presents an opportunity for companies to invest in innovation to ensure they’re prepared for those changes and to protect the safety of not just employees, customers and target markets, but of the larger organisation. Getting to a place of compliance can seem costly and time consuming at the beginning Getting to a place of compliance can seem costly and time consuming at the beginning, especially for larger organisations. They may have thousands of security assets (cameras and sensors, for example) and might not even be fully aware of what they have, where they are, and whether those assets are functional, never mind compliant with data protection legislation. The right solution takes all the steps to becoming safe and compliant into account, beginning with inventory and mapping of all assets to get a complete picture of where things stand and where changes need to be made. One large financial institution, upon embarking on this journey, identified an additional 10% of assets that they didn’t know they had, and additional ones that were nonfunctioning and needed to be repaired or replaced for compliance and safety. Monitoring: centralised and remote for rapid response Once assets and data are centralised and a complete inventory is taken, it’s much easier to effectively monitor the complete enterprise. At this year’s show, smart technologies will be on display that reduce cybersecurity risks and monitor assets for compliance. If something changes, that can be flagged, and appropriate parties can be quickly notified to act and neutralise security threats or avoid the expensive penalties that come with noncompliance. Since all these components are centralised in one location, it becomes possible to monitor much more effectively and fix issues remotely in minutes rather than scheduling a trip to a location that may not happen for days or even weeks. A security camera for a large chain enterprise such as a retail store or bank in a small-town location deserves service just as quickly as one in a major city, since the threat that each non-functional device poses is the same to who and what it is there to protect. Keeping it up: a proactive approach to service and maintenance One of the ways that emerging technologies can be a game changer is when it comes to the cost and approach One of the ways that emerging technologies can be a game changer is when it comes to the cost and approach to systems maintenance and operation. In addition to performance and compliance, other types of data, such as historical events, can also be monitored centrally. This gives context to security events and can move organisations from a reactive to a proactive approach to their security as well as operations. If small problems are identified and resolved before they become larger problems, it means that security events can be mitigated more quickly or prevented entirely due to early intervention. On the operations side, early insights into asset performance means that fewer resources are expended on noncompliance fees and large-scale, emergency repairs. These resources can take the form of money, but also of time spent by employees and enforcement agencies to ensure continued compliance. Staff can spend time engaged in active monitoring rather than generating reports, since that can now be automated. In the new decade, it’s time to use the technological resources available to better protect systems for smarter, safer and more sustainable environments. On every level, compliance is important not just for its own sake, but so are the other benefits associated with intelligent management. The show presents an educational opportunity for vendors and customers alike. Walking around the show floor and talking to everyone is a unique way to see what’s out there and evaluate what is and isn’t working for a business while getting information from all the industry experts. Even if they’re not ready for a complete overhaul, taking stock of what’s available, where things are heading and how their operations and mission can be better served by implementing one or more of the solutions showcased is more important than ever. On our end, those conversations about needs and concerns are invaluable in driving innovation.

ISC West, the world's largest security industry trade show, is just around the corner. This in-person show gathered more than 1,000 manufacturers and over 30,000 visitors from all over the world in 2019. On top of that, more than 200 brands exhibited at ISC West for the first time. This year's event promises to be just as exciting, if not more so. Let’s overview some leading security trends in video management systems development, and what's worth your time and attention at ISC West 2020. AI analytics Emerging two or three years ago, the AI-based video analytics market is experiencing a boom in growth. The prototypes and ideas displayed at ISC West 2019 could This year's event promises to be just as exciting, if not more soalready be part of a functioning system today. There's a lot of hype around this new trend. So, if you're looking for solutions for your needs, it is important to be able to tell the difference between technologies that work and marketing bluster. To do that, you have to understand what today's AI-based analytics (also often referred to as a neural network, deep learning, or machine learning) can and can't do. Let's start with what AI can't do in video surveillance. It can't analyse the sequence in which events occur or understand the 'logic' of what's happening in the scene. In other words, there's no such thing as a 'suspicious behavior detection tool'. Nevertheless, neural networks are really good at recognising and classifying objects. For instance, they can distinguish humans from vehicles, vehicles from other moving objects, and cyclists from pedestrians. Neural network trackers This technology is primarily used as a neural network tracker or object tracker that can identify and track objects of a specific type. Usually, it's applied to complex scenes with a large amount of non-relevant details where a classic tracker would drown in false alarms. The neural tracker can be used to detect people in dangerous areas at production facilities, cyclists riding on pedestrian lanes, or poachers trying to sneak into a nature preserve. Neural networks are really good at recognising and classifying objectsObject identification function can be used for other site-specific tasks, such as detecting people without a helmet or a high-visibility vest at facilities where those are required by safety regulations. It can also be used to detect fire and smoke in open spaces, or at big premises with high ceilings or active air circulation, where common fire alarm systems can't be used or may go off too late. Behaviour analytics  Behavior analytics is another field of analytics based on artificial neural networks. Even if recognising suspicious or inappropriate behavior is nearly impossible, it can detect risky situations based on human postures, such as an active shooter pose, raised arms, crouching, or man down. In addition to that, AI has been successfully used to perform facial and number plate recognition for quite some time now. Although these systems aren't new, their recognition quality improves each year. Looking for solutions? You'll definitely find some interesting and new options from developers specialising in VMS and modular AI analytics at ISC West 2020. Even if recognising suspicious or inappropriate behavior is nearly impossible, AI can detect risky situations based on human postures Smart search The ability to perform a quick, flexible search in a video archive is one of the most important features of a video surveillance system. In many ways, it's even more AI has been successfully used to perform facial and number plate recognition for quite some time nowimportant than real-time monitoring itself. Constantly keeping an eye out for what's happening onsite is the security service's job. Medium- to large-sized companies usually have that kind of department. Meanwhile, lots of small businesses and households use video footage to investigate accidents, resolve conflicts, or analyse employee's work. They generally don't need real-time monitoring, but video search is a crucial element. The most basic search tools offer an interface that enables easy access to recorded video and event-based search (from video analytics, detectors, etc.). Smart systems with forensic search features that allow the user to set criteria enhance the system's search capabilities even more. How it works  VMS analyses the video as it is recorded and saves the resulting metadata to a database. In the most basic case, the metadata contains information about motion in the scene as well as the moving object's coordinates. When searching, you can select an area of interest within the frame and take a quick look at all video segments containing motion in this area. More advanced systems save the parameters of moving objects, such as their size, color, motion speed and direction. TThe ability to perform a quick, flexible search in a video archive is one of the most important features of a video surveillance systemYou'll quickly find what you're looking for by setting more precise criteria. The first VMS with forensic search features appeared in the early 2010s. Since then, a growing number of users and VMS developers have recognised the importance of these tools. More and more manufacturers enrich their products with forensic search features, starting from basic search by motion detection. Integrating search functions with AI Recently, search technologies have gone even further by integrating search functions with AI analytics. Some systems are capable to recognise all faces and number plates captured by cameras and save them to the database. You can quickly find all videos containing an image of a person or a car just by searching a photo or a number plate across multiple camera archives at a time. One usage scenario for these systems can be seen in law enforcement deploying them to find suspects using CCTV cameras around the city. Another option for integrating smart search and AI is searching by criteria based on a neural network tracker. When you use it, you can set object's size, color, motion speed and direction in the scene, as well as object's type (such as a human or a vehicle). So, if you need to find out when a red car appeared in the surveillance area, the system will show you only red cars while ignoring other objects like people in red clothes. This technology lets you find what you're looking for even faster. If you or your clients use VMS primarily to record video, be sure to ask the manufacturers you'll talk to at the show what search capabilities they offer. More advanced systems save the parameters of moving objects, such as their size, color, motion speed and direction Hardware AI acceleration High CPU resource consumption is one of the hardest challenges that stem from implementing a neural network–based video analytics system. This significantly decreases the number of cameras that can be connected to a server that hosts AI analytics. It also makes the system much more expensive. AI technology lets you find what you're looking for even fasterThe solution is to use AI accelerators. GPUs and dedicated accelerator cards are used on servers to provide hardware acceleration for the neural networks' workload. These devices are mostly manufactured by Intel and NVIDIA. Intel also offers the OpenVINO™ toolkit, a software package for developers that helps distribute workload between CPU, GPU, and accelerators as effectively as possible using all available resources. New solutions Due to AI's growing popularity, lots of minor microchip manufacturers became interested in developing neural accelerator chips. The healthy competition will work in the market's favor, serving to stimulate tech development and cut prices. New solutions in the field were on display at ISC West 2019; they'll definitely be present at ISC West again in 2020. Developers specialising in VMS and modular AI video analytics should absolutely check these out. But users should understand that it's impossible to build a cost-effective video surveillance system with significant number (10–20 and more) of AI analytics channels without using neural accelerators. That said, various accelerator models may significantly differ in price and power consumption. So, when you talk to developers specialising in VMS and AI analytics modules, ask what accelerator makes and models they support. In conclusion Whether you're an integrator looking for interesting VMS offers for clients or an end-user searching for solutions to your own tasks, check out what AI analytics can do. This sector is developing very fast and is continuously introducing new features that may be just what you're looking for. Incorporating forensic search in recorded video footage is key to building an effective video surveillance system for users, and important to creating a unique product offering for integrators. Needless to say, you can't build a cost-effective video surveillance system without using CPU resources wisely. If a system's functionality completely aligns with what you're looking for, ask what neural accelerator hardware it supports to correctly estimate the cost of your video servers.

ISC West 2024 mirrored a vibrant industry on the precipice of accelerated change. Factors such as the cloud, artificial intelligence (AI), edge computing, and biometrics are shaping the future of the security marketplace, and they were front-and-centre at the industry’s biggest U.S. show in Las Vegas.  Foot traffic was steady and impressive, including more than 29,000 security industry professionals viewing 750 exhibitors. A torrent of eager attendees crowded the lobby on the first day and could not wait for the doors to open. When they were admitted, the wealth of technological innovation and business opportunity did not disappoint. Focus on cloud systems Cloud systems were high-profile at ISC West. Camera manufacturer Axis, for example, introduced their Axis Cloud Connect at a press conference. Meanwhile, Genetec officially launched their Security Centre SaaS platform, which aims at eliminating points of friction to enable integrators to easily embrace cloud systems from quoting and ordering to provisioning and installing.  Camera manufacturer Axis, for example, introduced their Axis Cloud Connect at a press conference Cloud provider Eagle Eye Networks promoted their new “Eagle Eye 911 Camera Sharing” technology under which both non-Eagle Eye Cloud VMS customers (via Eagle Eye 911 Public Safety Camera Sharing) and Eagle Eye customers can opt to share their video feeds for use by 911 operators in case of emergency. If users opt-in, 911 operators can have access to live video as an emergency unfolds. Eagle Eye Networks provides the feature by integrating with RapidSOS call centre software. Camera locations are based on geolocation coordinates, and customers can choose if they want to participate and which cameras they want to share. Biometrics in the mainstream Biometrics were well represented at ISC West, including Alcatraz AI, which introduced an outdoor version of their biometric face recognition product. The Rock X works well despite harsh lighting. Alcatraz’s products do not have to be integrated, they communicate just like a card reader using OSDP or Wiegand protocol. “At the show, customers are excited about moving to a frictionless environment and getting rid of existing credentialing,” said Tina D’Agostin, CEO and co-founder of Alcatraz. “We are making access control frictionless, secure and private. The experience can be as passive as possible – people can just walk in.” Multiple types of authentication, and the ability to detect tailgating and stream video SAFR from Real Networks also featured biometric face recognition, emphasising feature sets, convenience, and price/performance. They offer multiple types of authentication, and the ability to detect tailgating and stream video. A new device is a small mullion mount that is “approaching the price of a card reader, factoring in the need to purchase cards,” said Brad Donaldson, Vice President and General Manager. SAFR focuses on convenience: You don’t have to take out your phone to pass through a door. Enrolment is easy by incorporating existing databases, and costs are lower than competitors, said Donaldson. The system analyses multiple points on the face, turns it into data and then encrypts it, providing a “unique signature for each person.”  Credentials in Apple Wallet and Google Wallet AMAG Technology announced the compatibility of credentials with the Apple Wallet and Google Wallet. The company is also embracing a new strategic direction under President David Sullivan. They launched a new website in January, are developing dynamic resources and a partner page, and they now integrate with 120 tech partners. AMAG Technology Financial Services now enables their channel partners to offer leasing and financing options to customers. The big new booth at ISC West reflected an effort to “market different and look different,” according to the company. The big new booth at ISC West reflected an effort to “market different and look different" The new Symmetry Control Room, a command-and-control system, is a relaunch of an earlier AMAG product with enhanced features. Suitable for large enterprise customers, the software enables a big video wall to display all the various systems and incorporates all the data into a single “pane of glass.” Operators can “draw a lasso” around cameras they want to display on the video wall and can follow action across multiple camera feeds.  Navigating megatrends A breakfast meeting for integrators, sponsored by Assa Abloy Opening Solutions, was built around the theme “Navigating Megatrends for Sustainable Growth." The megatrends are artificial intelligence, sustainability and cybersecurity. Related to cybersecurity, there are 350 common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVE) published per week, reflecting the continuing threat to cybersecurity. Physical security has a “data lake” of information from various physical security systems that can be an attractive target for cybersecurity breaches. Data sets can be exploited and/or poisoned. The security industry needs to apply “defence in depth” to the challenges of protecting data. “The threat landscape is always changing, and security technology is an iterative process,” said Antoinette King, i-PRO’s head of cyber convergence, one of the panellists. Natural language systems Natural language systems are a newer approach making an early appearance at ISC West Natural language systems are a newer approach making an early appearance at ISC West. Brivo, for example, has an early prototype of its “natural language search capabilities” that can answer questions such as “Who is in the office?” or “Where is Bob and what has he done?” Brivo also promoted its all-in-one door station device that combines a card reader and a camera (for facial authentication) and serves as a video intercom, thus eliminating the need for multiple devices at the door. Brivo is also emphasising tailgate prevention, facial authentication, and people counting using AI at the edge. Also promoting natural language systems was Verkada, which unveiled a beta version of its AI Search feature that embraces national language capabilities. With AI Search, users will soon be able to use natural language to search for people or items. For example, a search could be “person climbing over a fence” or “person making phone call” or “person wearing football jersey.” Verkada wants to be thoughtful with the rollout and make sure effective guardrails are implemented to prevent abuse and bias. The release should happen in the coming months. Multi-family applications Allegion is promoting the XE360 hardware lock platform in various formats, including cylindrical lock, mortise lock, deadbolt and exit trim. At the show, Allegion noted an enthusiasm for multi-family applications. “We have been surprised by the people who want to add electronics and to retrofit existing multi-family facilities to compete with newer facilities,” said Henry “Butch” Holland, Allegion’s Regional Director, Channel Sales East Region. Allegion works with 60 different physical access control software providers, including familiar players such as LenelS2 and Genetec Allegion also offers an “indicator” display on its locks, showing at a glance whether a door is locked or unlocked. The “indicator” might also display “occupied” or “vacant.” Allegion works with 60 different physical access control software providers, including familiar players such as LenelS2 and Genetec.  Integrator M&A trends Everon looks for acquisitions in areas where they do not currently have support for national accounts A conversation with Everon at ISC West provided insights into the accelerating trend of mergers and acquisitions among the integrator community. Everon, formerly ADT Commercial, has done six acquisitions of local integrators since they changed their name last year. In targeting companies to acquire, they look for a good company with a good reputation, and they consider how the new company’s competencies complement their own. Some M&A strategy is geographic, as Everon looks for acquisitions in areas where they do not currently have support for national accounts. They also consider density, seeking to add new acquisitions in larger markets where they don’t currently have a big market share. “A lot of investment is coming into security because it is seen by investors as recession-proof,” said Michael Kennedy, VP, Mergers and Acquisitions, for Everon. Kennedy met with 95 businesses last year for possible acquisition, and the company only finalised a handful – reflecting that Everon is selective and careful that corporate cultures are aligned. “With an acquisition, the goal is to keep every customer and every employee,” said Kennedy. Voice of the customer  ISC West provides an opportunity for manufacturers to listen to the “voice of the customer;” in person, no less. “We have every kind of problem come to the booth,” commented Heather Torrey, Honeywell’s General Manager, Commercial Security, Americas. “People are passionate, interested and very specific with their questions and comments,” she said. “We are driving a complete system, but we are flexible, helping our customers to meet their needs and not try to fit every foot into the same shoe. Sometimes meeting customer needs involves working with competitors," Torrey commented. “It truly comes back to listening to the customer, not just ‘this is what we have to offer,’” she adds. ISC West provides an opportunity for manufacturers to listen to the “voice of the customer;” in person, no less. Edge applications are everywhere at ISC West, and one company is promoting a new approach to expand functionality at the edge. Camera company i-PRO advocates the use of the “Docker” platform for app development, an option they offer on their cameras. Docker “containers” package deep-learning algorithms to make it easier to embed software into edge devices. Anyone can run Docker apps on i-PRO cameras that use the powerful Ambarella chip. A Docker “swarm” can combine multiple edge devices to work together and share resources. For example, the approach can increase computing power at the edge to increase the capabilities of instant analytics. It’s faster and provides better redundancies. A “distributed computing platform” ensures less latency than communicating analytics to a central server.  Unification of capabilities Johnson Controls (JCI) also promotes the trend of combining multiple systems into a single pane of glass. Their “Open Blue” platform, with a security version unveiled at the show, integrates various security systems into one, combining data and monitoring device health.  Basically, the system manages all resources holistically. JCI also notes a trend toward “unification of capabilities,” e.g., combining access control and video. “The scope of security is evolving from a focus on protection to a broader focus on operations,” commented Julie M. Brandt, JCI’s President, Building Solutions North America.

GSX 2023 has its share of new product announcements, although many of the new products are enhancements to technologies shown at last spring’s ISC West show in Las Vegas. Booth traffic on the first day seemed busy at the Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center in Dallas, although one exhibitor complained that it takes some time for the traffic to make its way to the farthest areas of the show floor. Apparent throughout the GSX show is an expanding idea of what constitutes security. Increasingly, ‘security’ technologies offer benefits throughout other parts of a company or institution. Security is also being broadened to encompass ‘safety,’ including emergency response and wider issues of keeping a company safe. Managing multiple systems People look at the systems they have, and they are looking for more information" Manufacturers at GSX are talking about more than new products. Rather, they are offering new approaches to turn products into ‘solutions’ for customers. Among the benefits of new systems is the availability of more data.  “People look at the systems they have, and they are looking for more information and data and insights from their systems,” says Kyle Hurt, Genetec’s Area Vice-President of Sales for the US and Canada. “In the past, if I’m managing multiple systems and spending time and resources, I am making sure systems are operational. Today, it’s more like: How do I make my enterprise more efficient? I spend less time on making sure systems are working together but more time on how we can use the information.” Manufacturers at GSX are talking about more than new products Security control room Genetec is enhancing its Security Center 5.11 version with a newly redesigned web client that provides new capabilities related to system audio, including the ability to trigger a public address from a mobile device in an emergency, two-way audio to and from the security operations centre, and the ability to record an incident. The new web client offers new levels of “Security on the go,” says Hurt. A mobile device becomes an extension of the security control room. “Customers want to have more remote capabilities and have their security personnel out and about, not tied to a desk,” says Hurt. The new web client works to unify the four pillars of the Security Centre— video, access control, license plate recognition, and now audio.  Single source manufacturer Audio can now be used to broadcast a message, respond to an incident, and notify people" “Audio has taken time to develop legs in our ecosystem,” says Hurt. “We have been developing partnerships and use cases beyond an intercom at the door. Audio can now be used to broadcast a message, respond to an incident, and notify people en mass of what’s going on.” Manufacturers are also fine-tuning how they work to meet customers’ needs. “Customers want one point of contact, a single source manufacturer, and a solution that reflects the manufacturer is listening to the voice of the customer,” says Jerry Burhans, Managing Director of ASSA ABLOY Global Solutions - Critical Infrastructure, which seeks to be a global partner to critical infrastructure industries. The Critical Infrastructure business works across the various product groups of the notoriously siloed company to bring together solutions aimed at meeting each customer’s need. Manufacturers are also fine-tuning how they work to meet customers’ needs Best-in-class technology “We try to have best-in-class technology and collaborate within ourselves to make sure we have what customers need,” says Burhans. Critical infrastructure industries such as water, power and energy, oil and gas are developing standards to help support preparedness of the nation’s infrastructure, and ASSA ABLOY Global Solutions is helping operators secure access and provide audit trails on locking hardware and keys within their security perimeters. Managing customer assets Johnson Controls’ new OpenBlue Service for the security device market seeks to proactively manage customer assets (equipment) as a service. The company’s software platform of connected solutions monitors and manages security devices across vendors and provides remote support services including skilled engineers who can work to ensure that a company’s assets, including cameras and access control readers, operate dependably. Working remotely, OpenBlue analyzes the performance of each system component  Johnson Controls estimates that, unfortunately, up to 25% of a company’s security assets may not be working as intended, whether they lack the latest firmware update or are not connected. Working remotely, OpenBlue analyses the performance of each system component and responds to ensure equipment operates as intended. “We believe we can close that gap with our solutions,” says Greg Parker, Vice President, Innovation & Portfolio Management for Johnson Controls.  Physical security equipment A big advantage of OpenBlue for security customers is the ability to manage cybersecurity and threats at the edge, which may not currently be addressed by the IT department. The OpenBlue offering includes an embedded ‘air wall,’ which is a zero-trust architecture for physical security equipment. OpenBlue also helps customers manage the ever-changing lifecycles of various assets. Another concept prompting discussion at GSX 2023 is the gap between what a customer expects from a product and what the product can realistically deliver. With endless promotion in the last several years centring on concepts such as artificial intelligence (AI), is it any wonder that customers may sometimes have unrealistic expectations about what a technology can accomplish? The good news at GSX is that, as progress marches on, newer technologies are getting closer and closer to delivering on customers’ most ambitious expectations. The forward momentum of technology development is evident throughout the GSX 2023 show floor, reflecting the promise of even greater product capabilities in months and years to come.

Well attended and generating levels of excitement not seen since before the pandemic, ISC West may provide just the shot of adrenaline we need to drive industry success through the uncertain economic times ahead. Buzzwords like artificial intelligence (AI) and the cloud were still prevalent at the conference and exhibition in Las Vegas, but the hype of yesteryear seemed more subdued. Rather than breakthroughs to be celebrated, AI and cloud were discussed more as ways systems can realise even greater potential. Rampant cybersecurity attacks Rather than hype, discussions seemed much more practical and down-to-earth, encompassing shifting customer needs and how to address pain points. There was more discussion of the shift of security from a cost center to a profit center, where industry technologies can contribute to an enterprise’s bottom line. More companies seemed to be vigorously addressing the challenges of cybersecurity More companies seemed to be vigorously addressing the challenges of cybersecurity, although perpetually an obstacle. The industry seems more devoted than ever to protecting physical security systems in an age of rampant cybersecurity attacks. But more than in years past, it was the ISC West event itself that generated the most buzz. The crowded aisles of the exhibition seemed both reminiscent of the pre-covid past and prescient of the industry’s even brighter future. From booth to booth and attendee to attendee, the enthusiasm was both conspicuous and contagious. Everybody was thinking: ‘Wow! What a show!’ Pushing technology to the edge “The practice of physical security is about more than understanding threats, and end users are thinking now about the bigger picture of security and how networks work in the broader context of the business,” said Andrew Elvish, Vice President, Marketing at Genetec. Problems of latency and miscommunication are elements pushing technology to the network edge, he says. For example, in an access control scenario, decision-making should be as close to the door as possible to avoid network congestion, delays, or failure. Andrew Elvish, Vice President, Marketing at Genetec, displays Axis network door controller ‘powered by Genetec’ Elements pushing technology Reflecting the philosophy is a new collaboration introduced at the show called ‘Axis Powered by Genetec,’ an enterprise-level access control offering that combines Genetec Synergis software with A1210 and A1610 network door controllers by Axis Communications. Elvish says lines are blurring when it comes to edge versus cloud technologies. Rather than choosing ‘either-or,’ a blending of approaches is optimum, always ensuring that “Decision-making is close to the point of actuation,” he says. On-premise versus cloud systems Elvish also points to changing assumptions about the industry roles of on-premise versus cloud systems Elvish also points to changing assumptions about the industry roles of on-premise versus cloud systems. Historically, the assumption was that on-premise systems are most appropriate for enterprise customers, while the cloud is the best approach for small- to medium businesses (SMBs). Depending on the end customer’s needs, a system can be either or both at the same time.  Rather than debate cloud versus edge, customers should consider the outcomes they seek, and how technologies can be merged to provide those outcomes. “They should consider a solution where they do both, with the gradation of controls provided at their fingertips,” says Elvish. Combining security into one platform Unifying security and related functions on a single platform was a widely evident trend at ISC West. An example is Verkada which now offers a unified platform that includes video, access control, and intrusion detection, as well as other functions such as air quality sensors, visitor management, and a door intercom. David Tsang, Product Director of Verkada, predicts demand to combine technologies into a single platform will grow in the industry. Furthermore, as data is collected in the single system, enterprises will find new ways to ‘connect the dots’ to provide better business intelligence. Air quality sensors Verkada’s cloud-based system enables fast deployment of the single platform “Our approach to building products is based around the idea that every company has different needs, and they want technologies to integrate seamlessly and operate off the same platform,” says Tsang. In addition to seamless integration, each product must also be able to stand on its own. Tsang manages Verkada’s various product categories, including access control, air quality sensors, intercoms, etc. Verkada’s cloud-based system enables fast deployment of the single platform, and the company works with dealers to ensure delivery of a 'better partner experience.' What happens after a binge of acquisitions?  Acre Security unveiled a new corporate ‘identity’ and a big booth highlighting the technology brands the company has acquired over the last several years. Brands such as Feenics, ACTMobile, Comnet, Razberi, and others reflect Acre’s acquisition of these companies but are now being promoted as technology choices under the ‘one Acre’ approach.  Don Joos, CEO of Acre Security, looked ahead to the future of the company at ISC West Visitor management product categories Change is in the air, and the booth’s unified visual design signifies the new direction for the company, says Don Joos, Acre’s CEO. Various technologies can be delivered via the cloud, through an on-premise installation, or using a hybrid approach Acre is highlighting ACTMobile’s mustering capability, useful in the K-12 market In tying technologies together, the ACTMobile product will play a key role in two major verticals -- command-and-control and K-12 schools. Acre is highlighting ACTMobile’s mustering capability, useful in the K-12 market, which was adapted from a technology used in the cruise industry. The Acre approach is to embrace the variety of opportunities available in the access control, intrusion, and visitor management product categories within a broad definition of ‘security’ that embraces both core capabilities and ‘adjacencies,’ says Joos. Acre seeks to enable customers to protect people, facilities, and critical assets. They manage customers’ security data and provide the insights they need. Ensuring a cohesive security system A challenge in the industry is combining various single products into a cohesive whole. “There are many products that do one thing well, but it’s harder to build a cohesive security platform,” says Ryan Schonfeld, Founder and CEO of Hivewatch. Hivewatch is a software platform that performs the functions previously associated with a ‘PSIM,’ which is a physical security information management system. The term PSIM has earned a questionable reputation in the industry, plagued by added costs and the perpetual challenges of integrating with ever-changing software platforms. Information management system Hivewatch seeks to bypass other software systems and to integrate as closely as possible with devices Hivewatch seeks to bypass other software systems and to integrate as closely as possible with devices on the edge, thus avoiding the impact of software system changes. They integrate with data in a ‘different way’ that eliminates the need to conform to other software systems.  In today’s climate, the term ‘security’ could be seen as limiting when it comes to the various functions our industry’s systems can perform in the broader enterprise, says Schonfeld. Traditional enterprise reporting structures that have physical security reporting to the facilities or real estate department are limiting the broader role security can play in the enterprise. Positioning physical security Changing norms are positioning physical security to report to the CIO or CISO, thus reflecting physical security’s role in collecting and analysing data. Higher visibility within the enterprise can help security expand its influence and impact. “Security is too limiting, and it can keep us from getting a seat at the table,” says Schonfeld. “We need to shift from being a cost center to generating revenue and/or driving business — and data is the key. Rather than leading by fear, we need to show the value security can drive.”